The Sanskrit Alphabet

Q: What script does Sanskrit use?

Sanskrit is most commonly written in Devanagari — the same Brahmic abugida used for Hindi, Nepali, and Marathi, written left to right. However, Sanskrit has historically been written in virtually every Indian script, as it was the prestige language across the subcontinent. The Sanskrit Devanagari alphabet has 14 independent vowels and 33 consonants in the classical varga arrangement, plus vowel signs (matras), the halant, anusvara, and visarga. It is the script in which most modern Sanskrit texts, grammars, and editions are published.

Q: Where is Sanskrit spoken?

Sanskrit is spoken as a daily language by approximately 25,000 people in India, with notable communities in Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and Mattur village (Karnataka), while being understood by millions of scholars, priests, and students across South Asia and worldwide. Sanskrit is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand in India and one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Indian Constitution. It remains in active use in Hindu religious ritual, Vedic recitation, Yoga traditions, and classical performing arts.

Q: What language family does Sanskrit belong to?

Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-Iranian , within the broader Indo-European language family. It is the oldest attested member of the Indo-Aryan group and is closely related to Avestan, the language of the Zoroastrian scriptures. Sanskrit is the direct or indirect ancestor of all modern Indo-Aryan languages — including Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, Nepali, Sinhala, and Romani — which together account for hundreds of millions of speakers across South Asia and beyond.

Q: What is the history of the Sanskrit alphabet?

Sanskrit was originally transmitted orally; the Rigveda (~1500 BCE) is the oldest attested text, memorised and passed down through rigorous oral tradition for centuries. Written Sanskrit using Brahmi script appears from around the 3rd century BCE with the Ashokan edicts. The modern Devanagari script for Sanskrit developed from Brahmi through Gupta script and settled into its current form by approximately the 7th–11th centuries CE. Panini's Ashtadhyayi (c. 4th century BCE) codified Classical Sanskrit grammar with extraordinary precision, essentially freezing the language's form for scholarly use.

Q: What is the difference between Vedic and Classical Sanskrit?

Vedic Sanskrit (c. 1500–500 BCE) is the older, more complex form used in the Vedas, Upanishads, and early Brahmanas. It had a pitch-accent system, a richer verb morphology, and more archaic phonology including the pluti (extra-long) vowel length. Classical Sanskrit is the standardised literary language codified by Panini's grammar, used in epics (Mahabharata, Ramayana), Puranas, kavya poetry, drama, and philosophical texts from approximately 500 BCE onwards. Classical Sanskrit remains the form taught today in universities and used in scholarly writing.

Q: What is the ISO code for Sanskrit?

Sanskrit has ISO 639-1 code sa and ISO 639-3 code san . The Glottolog code is sans1269 . It is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Indian Constitution (Eighth Schedule) and is recognised as a classical language of India along with Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia.

Sanskrit Alphabet at a Glance

Sanskrit (ISO 639-1: sa) is an ancient Indo-Aryan language of South Asia; it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and has served as the sacred and scholarly medium of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain traditions for over 3,000 years ^[4]
Sanskrit uses the Devanagari script — a Brahmic abugida written left to right in which each consonant carries an inherent vowel a, modified by vowel signs (matras) or cancelled by the halant ^[3]
The classical Sanskrit alphabet has 14 independent vowels — including the vocalic liquids ऋ and ॠ not present in most modern Indo-Aryan scripts — and 33 consonants arranged in the traditional Brahmic varga classification ^[3]
Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-Iranian within Indo-European; it is the ancestor of the modern Indo-Aryan languages including Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Nepali, Punjabi, and over 200 others across South Asia ^[1]
The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (approx. 4th century BCE) is the world's first formal grammar — an extraordinarily precise description of Sanskrit phonology, morphology, and syntax that established the standard for Classical Sanskrit
Sanskrit has approximately 25,000 daily speakers while being understood by millions of scholars; it remains the language of Hindu ritual, Vedic recitation, classical literature, and is taught in Indian universities and schools ^[2]
The Sanskrit Barakhadi (बाराखड़ी) shows all 33 consonants combined with 13 vowel forms — 429 syllables — following the same Brahmic syllable-chart tradition shared with Hindi, Nepali, and Marathi ^[5]
Sanskrit is the source of the word "Sanskrit" (संस्कृत, saṃskṛta) itself meaning "refined" or "perfected" — contrasting with the Prakrits (natural vernacular languages) that evolved into modern South Asian languages

Sanskrit (संस्कृत, ISO 639-1: sa) is an ancient Indo-Aryan language of South Asia and one of the world's oldest attested languages, documented continuously from the Rigveda (~1500 BCE) through classical literature and modern scholarship ^[1]. It uses the Devanagari script — the same abugida shared with Hindi, Nepali, and Marathi — written left to right.

Sanskrit is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and the classical language of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain traditions ^[4]. Its grammar, codified by Panini in the Ashtadhyayi, is regarded as one of the greatest intellectual achievements of antiquity. The Sanskrit Devanagari alphabet has 14 independent vowels and 33 consonants in the classical arrangement.

Sanskrit Independent Vowels

Sanskrit has 14 independent vowel letters in Devanagari — used when a vowel opens a syllable without a preceding consonant. The system includes short/long pairs for a, i, u; the diphthongs e, ai, o, au; the vocalic liquids ऋ and ॠ (unique to Sanskrit among modern scripts); and the anusvara ं and visarga ः.

The vocalic R (ऋ) — a syllabic r — is a distinctively Sanskrit vowel preserved from Proto-Indo-Iranian; it is the source of the syllable in words like ऋग्वेद (Rigveda) and ऋषि (rishi, sage).

Sanskrit Independent Vowels

अ

[a]

आ

[aa]

इ

[i]

ई

[ii]

उ

[u]

ऊ

[uu]

ऋ

[ri]

ॠ

[rr]

ए

[e]

ऐ

[ai]

ओ

[o]

औ

[au]

अं

[am]

अः

[ah]

अ

[a]

Short vowel a — the inherent vowel of every Devanagari consonant. As in अग्नि (agni, fire). The most common vowel in Sanskrit.

आ

[aa]

Long vowel aa — twice the length of अ. As in आत्मन् (aatman, self/soul). Appears across the Sanskrit lexicon.

इ

[i]

Short vowel i — like "i" in "sit". As in इन्द्र (Indra, god of thunder). Common in Sanskrit root words and prefixes.

ई

[ii]

Long vowel ii — like "ee" in "feet". As in ईश्वर (Ishvara, lord). Appears in Sanskrit theological and philosophical vocabulary.

उ

[u]

Short vowel u — like "u" in "put". As in उपनिषद् (Upanishad). Common in Sanskrit prefixes such as उप (upa, towards).

ऊ

[uu]

Long vowel uu — like "oo" in "food". As in ऊर्जा (uurja, energy). The long counterpart of उ.

ऋ

[ri]

Vocalic R — a syllabic r sound. As in ऋग्वेद (Rigveda). A distinctive Sanskrit vowel rare in modern Indo-Aryan languages.

ॠ

[rr]

Long vocalic R — the extended form of ऋ. Appears chiefly in Sanskrit grammars and Vedic phonology; very rare in common Sanskrit texts.

ए

[e]

Vowel e — like "a" in "late". As in एकम् (ekam, one). Common in Sanskrit verbs, nouns and pronouns.

ऐ

[ai]

Diphthong ai — as in ऐश्वर्य (aishvarya, sovereignty). Formed as a combination of a and i sounds in Sanskrit phonology.

ओ

[o]

Vowel o — like "o" in "go". As in ओजस् (ojas, vitality/energy). Common in Sanskrit vocabulary and the sacred syllable ओम् (Om).

औ

[au]

Diphthong au — as in औषधि (aushadhi, medicine/herb). Formed as a combination of a and u sounds in Sanskrit phonology.

अं

[am]

Anusvara — a nasal resonance written as a dot above the preceding vowel. Represents the nasalisation of a vowel in Sanskrit, as in संस्कृत (Sanskrit itself).

अः

[ah]

Visarga — a light breathy h-sound after a vowel, written as two dots. As in नमः (namah, salutation). A feature unique to Sanskrit and Vedic phonology.

Sanskrit Consonants

Sanskrit has 33 consonants in the classical Brahmic varga arrangement — velar (क–ङ), palatal (च–ञ), retroflex (ट–ण), dental (त–न), and labial (प–म) series, each with voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and aspirated-voiced variants, followed by semivowels (य, र, ल, व) and sibilants/aspirate (श, ष, स, ह).

Sanskrit uniquely maintains three distinct sibilants: the palatal श (sha), the retroflex ष (Sha), and the dental स (sa) — a three-way contrast not preserved in any modern Indo-Aryan language. This phonemic precision is why Sanskrit grammar was codified so systematically by Panini.

Sanskrit Consonants

क

[ka]

ख

[kha]

ग

[ga]

घ

[gha]

ङ

[nga]

च

[cha]

छ

[chha]

ज

[ja]

झ

[jha]

ञ

[nya]

ट

[Ta]

ठ

[Tha]

ड

[Da]

ढ

[Dha]

ण

[Na]

त

[ta]

थ

[tha]

द

[da]

ध

[dha]

न

[na]

प

[pa]

फ

[pha]

ब

[ba]

भ

[bha]

म

[ma]

य

[ya]

र

[ra]

ल

[la]

व

[va]

श

[sha]

ष

[Sha]

स

[sa]

ह

[ha]

क

[ka]

Voiceless velar plosive — like "k" in "sky". As in कर्म (karma, action). One of the most common Sanskrit consonants.

ख

[kha]

Aspirated voiceless velar plosive — a k with a breath. As in खल (khala, threshing floor). Part of the ka-varga series.

ग

[ga]

Voiced velar plosive — like "g" in "go". As in गुरु (guru, teacher). Very common in Sanskrit philosophical vocabulary.

घ

[gha]

Voiced aspirated velar plosive — a breathy g. As in घट (ghata, pot). Part of the ka-varga series.

ङ

[nga]

Velar nasal — the nasal sound in the velar series. Primarily appears in conjunct consonants before velar stops in Sanskrit.

च

[cha]

Voiceless palatal affricate — like "ch" in "church". As in चन्द्र (chandra, moon). Common in Sanskrit vocabulary.

छ

[chha]

Aspirated voiceless palatal affricate — a breathy ch. As in छाया (chhaaya, shadow). Part of the ca-varga series.

ज

[ja]

Voiced palatal affricate — like "j" in "jump". As in जल (jala, water). Very common in Sanskrit.

झ

[jha]

Voiced aspirated palatal affricate — a breathy j. As in झरना (jharna, waterfall). Part of the ca-varga series.

ञ

[nya]

Palatal nasal — the nasal of the palatal series. Appears primarily before palatal consonants in Sanskrit conjunct clusters.

ट

[Ta]

Voiceless retroflex plosive — tongue tip curled back. As in टीका (Tiika, commentary). Part of the retroflex ta-varga series.

ठ

[Tha]

Aspirated voiceless retroflex plosive — a breathy retroflex T. Part of the Sanskrit retroflex ta-varga series.

ड

[Da]

Voiced retroflex plosive — tongue tip curled back. Part of the Sanskrit retroflex ta-varga series.

ढ

[Dha]

Voiced aspirated retroflex plosive — a breathy retroflex D. Part of the Sanskrit retroflex ta-varga series.

ण

[Na]

Retroflex nasal — tongue tip curled back. Appears in Sanskrit word-final positions and before retroflex consonants.

त

[ta]

Voiceless dental plosive — like "t" in French "tout". As in त्वम् (tvam, you). Common in Sanskrit pronouns and verb forms.

थ

[tha]

Aspirated voiceless dental plosive — a breathy dental t. As in थल (thala, land). Part of the dental ta-varga series.

द

[da]

Voiced dental plosive — like "d" in "dog" but dental. As in देव (deva, god). Very common in Sanskrit theological vocabulary.

ध

[dha]

Voiced aspirated dental plosive — a breathy d. As in धर्म (dharma, righteousness/duty). One of the most important Sanskrit words.

न

[na]

Dental nasal — like "n" in "not". As in नम (nama, bow/salutation). Very common in Sanskrit across all word categories.

प

[pa]

Voiceless bilabial plosive — like "p" in "spin". As in पृथ्वी (prithvi, earth). Common in Sanskrit nouns and verbs.

फ

[pha]

Aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive — a breathy p. As in फल (phala, fruit). Part of the pa-varga series.

ब

[ba]

Voiced bilabial plosive — like "b" in "bed". As in ब्रह्म (Brahma, the ultimate reality). Common in Sanskrit.

भ

[bha]

Voiced aspirated bilabial plosive — a breathy b. As in भूमि (bhuumi, earth/land). Part of the pa-varga series.

म

[ma]

Bilabial nasal — like "m" in "mother". As in मनस् (manas, mind). Common in Sanskrit philosophical vocabulary.

य

[ya]

Palatal approximant — like "y" in "yes". As in योग (yoga, union/discipline). A very common Sanskrit semivowel.

र

[ra]

Alveolar trill — a rolled r. As in राज (raja, king). Very frequent in Sanskrit vocabulary and compounds.

ल

[la]

Alveolar lateral — like "l" in "light". As in लक्ष्मी (Lakshmi, goddess of wealth). Common in Sanskrit.

व

[va]

Labiodental or bilabial approximant — like "v" in "vine". As in वायु (vaayu, wind/air). One of the five elements in Sanskrit cosmology.

श

[sha]

Voiceless palatal fricative — like "sh" in "ship". As in शान्ति (shaanti, peace). Frequent in Sanskrit Vedic texts.

ष

[Sha]

Voiceless retroflex fricative — a retroflex sh. As in षट् (shat, six). A distinctively Sanskrit consonant, rare in modern Indo-Aryan.

स

[sa]

Voiceless alveolar fricative — like "s" in "sun". As in सत्य (satya, truth). One of the most frequent consonants in Sanskrit.

ह

[ha]

Voiced glottal fricative — like "h" in "hat". As in हस्त (hasta, hand). Common in Sanskrit across all register levels.

Sanskrit Vowel Signs (Matras)

Vowel signs (matras) are diacritical marks written around Sanskrit consonants to indicate vowels other than the inherent a. They are positioned to the left, right, above, or below the consonant depending on the vowel.

The halant (्) cancels the inherent vowel and enables Sanskrit's famous samyuktakshara (conjunct consonants) — stacked letter forms used throughout classical Sanskrit writing such as क्ष (ksha), ज्ञ (jna), and त्र (tra). The visarga (ः) is a Sanskrit-specific feature representing a final breath sound.

Sanskrit Vowel Signs (Matras)

ा

ि

ी

ु

ू

ृ

े

ै

ो

ौ

्

ं

ः

ा

Matra for aa — written to the right of the consonant. Converts inherent a to long aa. As in का (kaa).

ि

Matra for i — written to the left of the consonant, before it visually. Converts inherent a to short i. As in कि (ki).

ी

Matra for ii — written to the right of the consonant. Converts inherent a to long ii. As in की (kii).

ु

Matra for u — written below the consonant. Converts inherent a to short u. As in कु (ku).

ू

Matra for uu — written below the consonant. Converts inherent a to long uu. As in कू (kuu).

ृ

Matra for vocalic R — written below the consonant. As in कृ (kri). Distinctive of Sanskrit writing; rarely found in modern Indo-Aryan scripts.

े

Matra for e — written above the consonant. Converts inherent a to vowel e. As in के (ke).

ै

Matra for diphthong ai — written above the consonant. As in कै (kai). Represents the ai diphthong of Sanskrit.

ो

Matra for o — written to the right of and above the consonant. As in को (ko). Combines the aa matra and e matra markers.

ौ

Matra for diphthong au — written around the consonant. As in कौ (kau). Represents the au diphthong of Sanskrit.

्

Halant (virama) — suppresses the inherent a vowel of a consonant, allowing formation of conjunct consonants (samyuktakshara). Essential for writing Sanskrit consonant clusters.

ं

Anusvara — a dot above the line indicating nasal resonance. As in संस्कृत (Sanskrit). Represents a nasal sound that varies by position.

ः

Visarga — two dots after a vowel representing a light h-breath. As in नमः (namah). A defining feature of Sanskrit phonology, especially in sandhi rules.

अ

आ

इ

ई

उ

ऊ

ऋ

ए

ऐ

ओ

औ

अं

अः

क

ख

ग

घ

ङ

च

छ

ज

झ

ञ

ट

ठ

ड

ढ

ण

त

थ

द

ध

न

प

फ

ब

भ

म

य

र

ल

व

श

ष

स

ह

Devanagari Digits (०–९)

०

१

२

३

४

५

६

७

८

९

०

Devanagari digit zero — the numeral 0 in Devanagari script.

१

Devanagari digit one — the numeral 1 in Devanagari script.

२

Devanagari digit two — the numeral 2 in Devanagari script.

३

Devanagari digit three — the numeral 3 in Devanagari script.

४

Devanagari digit four — the numeral 4 in Devanagari script.

५

Devanagari digit five — the numeral 5 in Devanagari script.

६

Devanagari digit six — the numeral 6 in Devanagari script.

७

Devanagari digit seven — the numeral 7 in Devanagari script.

८

Devanagari digit eight — the numeral 8 in Devanagari script.

९

Devanagari digit nine — the numeral 9 in Devanagari script.

Sanskrit Barakhadi Chart (बाराखड़ी चार्ट)

The Sanskrit Barakhadi (बाराखड़ी) shows every combination of the 33 consonants with all 13 vowel forms — 429 syllables in total. Each cell is a standalone Sanskrit syllable, the fundamental building block of Sanskrit words and verses. ^[5]

Read by row (consonant) and column (vowel): scroll right to see all 13 vowel forms. The Barakhadi tradition is shared across Devanagari-script languages — Hindi, Nepali, and Marathi use the same chart structure, reflecting their common Brahmic heritage.

Consonant	अ (a)	आ (aa)	इ (i)	ई (ii)	उ (u)	ऊ (uu)	ऋ (ri)	ए (e)	ऐ (ai)	ओ (o)	औ (au)	अं (am)	अः (ah)
क k	क	का	कि	की	कु	कू	कृ	के	कै	को	कौ	कं	कः
ख kh	ख	खा	खि	खी	खु	खू	खृ	खे	खै	खो	खौ	खं	खः
ग g	ग	गा	गि	गी	गु	गू	गृ	गे	गै	गो	गौ	गं	गः
घ gh	घ	घा	घि	घी	घु	घू	घृ	घे	घै	घो	घौ	घं	घः
ङ ng	ङ	ङा	ङि	ङी	ङु	ङू	ङृ	ङे	ङै	ङो	ङौ	ङं	ङः
च ch	च	चा	चि	ची	चु	चू	चृ	चे	चै	चो	चौ	चं	चः
छ chh	छ	छा	छि	छी	छु	छू	छृ	छे	छै	छो	छौ	छं	छः
ज j	ज	जा	जि	जी	जु	जू	जृ	जे	जै	जो	जौ	जं	जः
झ jh	झ	झा	झि	झी	झु	झू	झृ	झे	झै	झो	झौ	झं	झः
ञ ny	ञ	ञा	ञि	ञी	ञु	ञू	ञृ	ञे	ञै	ञो	ञौ	ञं	ञः
ट T	ट	टा	टि	टी	टु	टू	टृ	टे	टै	टो	टौ	टं	टः
ठ Th	ठ	ठा	ठि	ठी	ठु	ठू	ठृ	ठे	ठै	ठो	ठौ	ठं	ठः
ड D	ड	डा	डि	डी	डु	डू	डृ	डे	डै	डो	डौ	डं	डः
ढ Dh	ढ	ढा	ढि	ढी	ढु	ढू	ढृ	ढे	ढै	ढो	ढौ	ढं	ढः
ण N	ण	णा	णि	णी	णु	णू	णृ	णे	णै	णो	णौ	णं	णः
त t	त	ता	ति	ती	तु	तू	तृ	ते	तै	तो	तौ	तं	तः
थ th	थ	था	थि	थी	थु	थू	थृ	थे	थै	थो	थौ	थं	थः
द d	द	दा	दि	दी	दु	दू	दृ	दे	दै	दो	दौ	दं	दः
ध dh	ध	धा	धि	धी	धु	धू	धृ	धे	धै	धो	धौ	धं	धः
न n	न	ना	नि	नी	नु	नू	नृ	ने	नै	नो	नौ	नं	नः
प p	प	पा	पि	पी	पु	पू	पृ	पे	पै	पो	पौ	पं	पः
फ ph	फ	फा	फि	फी	फु	फू	फृ	फे	फै	फो	फौ	फं	फः
ब b	ब	बा	बि	बी	बु	बू	बृ	बे	बै	बो	बौ	बं	बः
भ bh	भ	भा	भि	भी	भु	भू	भृ	भे	भै	भो	भौ	भं	भः
म m	म	मा	मि	मी	मु	मू	मृ	मे	मै	मो	मौ	मं	मः
य y	य	या	यि	यी	यु	यू	यृ	ये	यै	यो	यौ	यं	यः
र r	र	रा	रि	री	रु	रू	रृ	रे	रै	रो	रौ	रं	रः
ल l	ल	ला	लि	ली	लु	लू	लृ	ले	लै	लो	लौ	लं	लः
व v	व	वा	वि	वी	वु	वू	वृ	वे	वै	वो	वौ	वं	वः
श sh	श	शा	शि	शी	शु	शू	शृ	शे	शै	शो	शौ	शं	शः
ष Sh	ष	षा	षि	षी	षु	षू	षृ	षे	षै	षो	षौ	षं	षः
स s	स	सा	सि	सी	सु	सू	सृ	से	सै	सो	सौ	सं	सः
ह h	ह	हा	हि	ही	हु	हू	हृ	हे	है	हो	हौ	हं	हः

Sanskrit Barakhadi with Pronunciation

The Roman pronunciation guide is shown below each Sanskrit syllable. Use this table to learn how each of the 429 Barakhadi syllables is spoken aloud — matching the written Devanagari form to its plain romanisation.

Each cell shows the Sanskrit syllable on top and its plain Roman transliteration below. Note the Sanskrit-specific romanization: uppercase T, D, N for retroflex sounds (ट ड ण) and Sh for ष — distinguishing them from their dental counterparts.

Consonant	अ (a)	आ (aa)	इ (i)	ई (ii)	उ (u)	ऊ (uu)	ऋ (ri)	ए (e)	ऐ (ai)	ओ (o)	औ (au)	अं (am)	अः (ah)
कka	कka	काkaa	किki	कीkii	कुku	कूkuu	कृkri	केke	कैkai	कोko	कौkau	कंkam	कःkah
खkha	खkha	खाkhaa	खिkhi	खीkhii	खुkhu	खूkhuu	खृkhri	खेkhe	खैkhai	खोkho	खौkhau	खंkham	खःkhah
गga	गga	गाgaa	गिgi	गीgii	गुgu	गूguu	गृgri	गेge	गैgai	गोgo	गौgau	गंgam	गःgah
घgha	घgha	घाghaa	घिghi	घीghii	घुghu	घूghuu	घृghri	घेghe	घैghai	घोgho	घौghau	घंgham	घःghah
ङnga	ङnga	ङाngaa	ङिngi	ङीngii	ङुngu	ङूnguu	ङृngri	ङेnge	ङैngai	ङोngo	ङौngau	ङंngam	ङःngah
चcha	चcha	चाchaa	चिchi	चीchii	चुchu	चूchuu	चृchri	चेche	चैchai	चोcho	चौchau	चंcham	चःchah
छchha	छchha	छाchhaa	छिchhi	छीchhii	छुchhu	छूchhuu	छृchhri	छेchhe	छैchhai	छोchho	छौchhau	छंchham	छःchhah
जja	जja	जाjaa	जिji	जीjii	जुju	जूjuu	जृjri	जेje	जैjai	जोjo	जौjau	जंjam	जःjah
झjha	झjha	झाjhaa	झिjhi	झीjhii	झुjhu	झूjhuu	झृjhri	झेjhe	झैjhai	झोjho	झौjhau	झंjham	झःjhah
ञnya	ञnya	ञाnyaa	ञिnyi	ञीnyii	ञुnyu	ञूnyuu	ञृnyri	ञेnye	ञैnyai	ञोnyo	ञौnyau	ञंnyam	ञःnyah
टTa	टTa	टाTaa	टिTi	टीTii	टुTu	टूTuu	टृTri	टेTe	टैTai	टोTo	टौTau	टंTam	टःTah
ठTha	ठTha	ठाThaa	ठिThi	ठीThii	ठुThu	ठूThuu	ठृThri	ठेThe	ठैThai	ठोTho	ठौThau	ठंTham	ठःThah
डDa	डDa	डाDaa	डिDi	डीDii	डुDu	डूDuu	डृDri	डेDe	डैDai	डोDo	डौDau	डंDam	डःDah
ढDha	ढDha	ढाDhaa	ढिDhi	ढीDhii	ढुDhu	ढूDhuu	ढृDhri	ढेDhe	ढैDhai	ढोDho	ढौDhau	ढंDham	ढःDhah
णNa	णNa	णाNaa	णिNi	णीNii	णुNu	णूNuu	णृNri	णेNe	णैNai	णोNo	णौNau	णंNam	णःNah
तta	तta	ताtaa	तिti	तीtii	तुtu	तूtuu	तृtri	तेte	तैtai	तोto	तौtau	तंtam	तःtah
थtha	थtha	थाthaa	थिthi	थीthii	थुthu	थूthuu	थृthri	थेthe	थैthai	थोtho	थौthau	थंtham	थःthah
दda	दda	दाdaa	दिdi	दीdii	दुdu	दूduu	दृdri	देde	दैdai	दोdo	दौdau	दंdam	दःdah
धdha	धdha	धाdhaa	धिdhi	धीdhii	धुdhu	धूdhuu	धृdhri	धेdhe	धैdhai	धोdho	धौdhau	धंdham	धःdhah
नna	नna	नाnaa	निni	नीnii	नुnu	नूnuu	नृnri	नेne	नैnai	नोno	नौnau	नंnam	नःnah
पpa	पpa	पाpaa	पिpi	पीpii	पुpu	पूpuu	पृpri	पेpe	पैpai	पोpo	पौpau	पंpam	पःpah
फpha	फpha	फाphaa	फिphi	फीphii	फुphu	फूphuu	फृphri	फेphe	फैphai	फोpho	फौphau	फंpham	फःphah
बba	बba	बाbaa	बिbi	बीbii	बुbu	बूbuu	बृbri	बेbe	बैbai	बोbo	बौbau	बंbam	बःbah
भbha	भbha	भाbhaa	भिbhi	भीbhii	भुbhu	भूbhuu	भृbhri	भेbhe	भैbhai	भोbho	भौbhau	भंbham	भःbhah
मma	मma	माmaa	मिmi	मीmii	मुmu	मूmuu	मृmri	मेme	मैmai	मोmo	मौmau	मंmam	मःmah
यya	यya	याyaa	यिyi	यीyii	युyu	यूyuu	यृyri	येye	यैyai	योyo	यौyau	यंyam	यःyah
रra	रra	राraa	रिri	रीrii	रुru	रूruu	रृrri	रेre	रैrai	रोro	रौrau	रंram	रःrah
लla	लla	लाlaa	लिli	लीlii	लुlu	लूluu	लृlri	लेle	लैlai	लोlo	लौlau	लंlam	लःlah
वva	वva	वाvaa	विvi	वीvii	वुvu	वूvuu	वृvri	वेve	वैvai	वोvo	वौvau	वंvam	वःvah
शsha	शsha	शाshaa	शिshi	शीshii	शुshu	शूshuu	शृshri	शेshe	शैshai	शोsho	शौshau	शंsham	शःshah
षSha	षSha	षाShaa	षिShi	षीShii	षुShu	षूShuu	षृShri	षेShe	षैShai	षोSho	षौShau	षंSham	षःShah
सsa	सsa	साsaa	सिsi	सीsii	सुsu	सूsuu	सृsri	सेse	सैsai	सोso	सौsau	संsam	सःsah
हha	हha	हाhaa	हिhi	हीhii	हुhu	हूhuu	हृhri	हेhe	हैhai	होho	हौhau	हंham	हःhah

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What script does Sanskrit use?

Where is Sanskrit spoken?

What language family does Sanskrit belong to?

What is the history of the Sanskrit alphabet?

What is the difference between Vedic and Classical Sanskrit?

What is the ISO code for Sanskrit?

References:

[1] Hammarström, Harald et al. "Sanskrit [sans1269]". Glottolog 5.3. Retrieved from Glottolog: Sanskrit
[2] SIL International. "Sanskrit — ISO 639-3 Language Code: san". Retrieved from SIL ISO 639-3: san
[3] Unicode Consortium. "Devanagari Unicode Block (U+0900–U+097F)". Retrieved from Unicode Devanagari Block
[4] Government of India. "The Constitution of India — Eighth Schedule: Languages (includes Hindi as official language)". Ministry of Law and Justice. Retrieved from Constitution of India — Eighth Schedule
[5] Easy Hindi Typing. "Hindi Barakhadi Chart and PDF (हिंदी बाराखड़ी)". Easy Hindi Typing. Retrieved from Easy Hindi Typing: Hindi Barakhadi Chart