Learn the Greek alphabet with 24 letters including 7 vowels and 17 consonants. Discover the ancient script that has influenced many modern writing systems.
Comprehensive guide to the English alphabet with 26 letters, 5 vowels and 21 consonants. Perfect for language learners.
Discover the French alphabet with accented characters including à, â, é, è, ê, ë, and the cedilla ç. Master French pronunciation.
Learn the German alphabet including umlauts (ä, ö, ü) and the Eszett (ß). Understand German pronunciation and writing.
Master the Italian alphabet with 21 letters, accented vowels, and double consonants. Learn this musical language script.
Explore the Turkish alphabet with 29 letters including 8 vowels and unique characters such as ç, ğ, ı, ş, and ü.
Learn the Dutch alphabet with 26 letters featuring diacritics, the unique digraph ij, and distinctive pronunciation. Discover the official language of the Netherlands and Belgium.
Explore the Flemish alphabet with 26 letters using Belgian Dutch orthography, featuring diacritics and distinctive pronunciation of Flanders.
Master the Frisian alphabet with 26 letters including unique diacritics. Learn the official regional language of Friesland, Netherlands closely related to English.
Discover the Limburgish alphabet with 26 letters featuring distinctive tone marks and diacritics. Learn this regional language with unique tonal qualities.
Learn the Luxembourgish alphabet with 26 letters featuring diacritics é, ä, ë. Discover the national language of Luxembourg, a Moselle Franconian variety.
Discover the Pennsylvania Dutch alphabet with 26 letters and German-influenced characters. Learn this High German dialect spoken by Amish and Mennonite communities in Pennsylvania.
Explore the East Frisian Low Saxon alphabet with 26 letters and Low German characteristics. Learn this regional dialect spoken in East Frisia, northern Germany.
Learn the Polish alphabet with 32 letters including distinctive accented characters (ą, ć, ę, ł, ń, ó, ś, ź, ż). Master Polish writing and pronunciation.
Master the Czech alphabet with 42 letters including distinctive diacritics (á, č, ď, é, ě, í, ň, ó, ř, š, ť, ú, ů, ý, ž). Learn this archaic Slavic language.
Explore the Croatian alphabet with 30 letters including unique diacritics (č, ć, dž, đ, lj, nj, š, ž) and digraphs. Master this South Slavic script.
Learn the Bosnian alphabet with 30 letters including special diacritics (č, ć, đ, š, ž) and digraphs (lj, nj, dž). Discover this South Slavic language.
Master the Belarusian alphabet with 32 Cyrillic letters including unique characters і (i) and ў (short u). Learn this East Slavic language.
Discover the Bulgarian alphabet with 30 Cyrillic letters including unique ъ (er goliam) and щ (sht). Master this South Slavic language.
Learn the Latvian alphabet with 33 letters including macrons (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū) and palatalized consonants (ģ, ķ, ļ, ņ). Discover this Baltic language.
Master the Lithuanian alphabet with 32 letters including long vowels with ogoneks (ą, ę, į, ų) and unique diacritics. Learn this ancient Indo-European language.
Learn the Russian alphabet with 33 Cyrillic letters including 10 vowels, 21 consonants, and 2 special signs. Discover this widely spoken East Slavic language.
Master the Macedonian alphabet with 31 Cyrillic letters including six unique letters (Ѓ, Ѕ, Ј, Љ, Њ, Ќ). Learn this South Slavic language of North Macedonia.
Explore the Montenegrin alphabet with 30 Cyrillic letters including two unique letters (Ś/З́ and Ź/С́) distinguishing it from Serbian. Learn this South Slavic language.
Discover the Lower Sorbian alphabet with 34 Latin letters including extensive diacritics (Č, Ć, Ě, Ł, Ń, Ř, Š, Ś, Ž, Ź). Learn this West Slavic minority language of Germany.
Explore the Silesian alphabet with unique letters (ô, ŏ, ã, ů) and Polish-style diacritics. Learn this West Slavic Lechitic language spoken in Upper Silesia, Poland.
Master the Slovak alphabet with 46 letters including háčik and dĺžeň diacritics (á, ä, č, ď, é, í, ĺ, ľ, ň, ó, ô, ŕ, š, ť, ú, ý, ž). Learn this West Slavic language of Slovakia.
Learn the Slovenian alphabet with 25 letters including strešica characters (č, š, ž). Discover this South Slavic language known for preserving the grammatical dual number.
Learn the Serbian Latin alphabet (Gajica) with 30 letters including distinctive diacritics (č, ć, dž, đ, lj, nj, š, ž). Discover this South Slavic language with both Latin and Cyrillic scripts.
Explore the Serbo-Croatian Gajica alphabet with 30 letters shared by Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin. Master the 8 distinctive letters (č, ć, dž, đ, lj, nj, š, ž).
Discover the Ruthenian (Rusyn) Cyrillic alphabet with 32 letters including unique characters Є (ye), І (i), and Ґ (g). Learn this East Slavic language spoken in the Carpathian region across Ukraine, Slovakia, Serbia, and Poland.
Explore the Old Prussian alphabet — 26 Latin letters and 8 documented digraphs (ch, sch, ai, au, ei) of an extinct West Baltic language. Preserved in the Elbing Vocabulary (c. 1400) and the 1561 Enchiridion catechism.
Learn the Danish alphabet with 29 letters including the special characters æ, ø, and å. Master this North Germanic language script.
Discover the Swedish alphabet with 29 letters including the distinctive characters å, ä, and ö. Learn this melodic Scandinavian language.
Explore the Norwegian alphabet with 29 letters including æ, ø, and å. Master both Bokmål and Nynorsk writing forms.
Learn the Finnish alphabet with 28 letters including ä and ö. Understand this Finno-Ugric language with its unique vowel harmony.
Discover the Icelandic alphabet with 32 letters including ancient letters ð (eth) and þ (thorn), plus distinctive vowels á, é, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, and ö. Explore this living museum of Old Norse.
Learn the Faroese alphabet with 29 letters including Nordic characters á, í, ó, ú, ý, plus distinctive letters æ, ø, and ð. Discover this North Germanic language of the Faroe Islands.
Learn the Ossetic modified Cyrillic alphabet — 34 base letters including the unique Ӕ/ӕ plus 9 ejective consonant digraphs. The only surviving language of the ancient Scythian-Sarmatian peoples, spoken in North Ossetia-Alania, Russia.
Explore the Ossetian (Ossetic) Cyrillic alphabet — 34 base letters with the unique Ӕ/ӕ vowel and 9 ejective digraphs. The Eastern Iranian language of North Ossetia-Alania and South Ossetia, descended from the ancient Alans and Sarmatians.
Discover the Church Slavonic Early Cyrillic alphabet with archaic letters like yat (ѣ), yus (ѫ, ѧ, ѩ), izhitsa (ѵ), and fita (ѳ). Learn this 9th-century liturgical language still used in Orthodox churches.
Explore the Old East Slavic alphabet used in Kievan Rus' (10th-15th centuries), ancestor of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian. Learn the Early Cyrillic script of medieval chronicles and birch bark documents.
Master the Old Russian pre-1918 reform alphabet with 37 letters including abolished letters: dotted і, yat (ѣ), fita (ѳ), and izhitsa (ѵ). Read classic Russian literature in original orthography.
Learn the Spanish alphabet with 27 letters including the distinctive ñ, featuring five vowels with various accents (á, é, í, ó, ú) and 22 consonants used across Spain and Latin America.
Explore the Pascenda alphabet with accented vowels and distinctive letters. Learn this regional Romance language spoken in Spain with unique linguistic characteristics.
Explore the Portuguese alphabet with 26 letters featuring rich accented variations including nasal vowels (ã, õ), cedilha (ç), and multiple accent marks used in Portugal, Brazil, and 7 other countries.
Learn the Mirandese alphabet with 26 letters and accented vowels. Discover this Astur-Leonese language co-official in Miranda do Douro, Portugal with unique linguistic features.
Discover the Romanian alphabet with 31 letters including 5 distinctive diacritical letters (ă, â, î, ș, ț) representing sounds unique to this Eastern Romance language spoken in Romania and Moldova.
Explore the Aromanian alphabet with 25 letters featuring grave accents (à, è, ì, ò, ù) and cedilla (ç). Learn this Eastern Romance language spoken in Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, and Romania.
Discover the Megleno-Romanian alphabet with diacritical letters. Learn this endangered Eastern Romance language spoken in Greece and North Macedonia with unique Balkan influences.
Discover the Catalan alphabet with accented vowels (à, è, é, í, ò, ó, ú, ü) and cedilla (ç). Learn this regional language of Spain and France.
Explore the Valencian alphabet with accented vowels and distinctive letters including ç and l·l. Learn this co-official language of the Valencian Community in Spain.
Explore the Galician alphabet with 27 letters including accented vowels (á, é, í, ó, ú), the distinctive ñ, and special character ü. Learn this Celtic-influenced Romance language of northwest Spain.
Discover the Occitan alphabet with 26 letters featuring accented vowels (à, á, è, é, í, ò, ó, ú), cedilha (ç), and punt volat (·). Learn the language of medieval troubadours spoken in Southern France.
Learn the Arpitan alphabet with 25 letters featuring grave accents (à, è, ì, ò, ù) and cedilla (ç). Discover this Franco-Provençal language spoken in eastern France, western Switzerland, and northwestern Italy.
Explore the Gallo alphabet with 25 letters featuring grave accents (à, è, ì, ò, ù) and cedilla (ç). Learn this Oïl language spoken in Brittany, France with Celtic substrate influences.
Discover the Breton alphabet with distinctive Celtic letters including c'h and ch. Learn this Brythonic Celtic language spoken in Brittany, France with unique phonetic features.
Learn the Norman alphabet with 26 letters and accented vowels. Discover this Oïl language spoken in Normandy and Channel Islands with Viking heritage influences.
Explore the Picard alphabet with 26 letters and accented vowels. Learn this Oïl language spoken in Northern France and Belgium with distinctive phonetic features.
Learn the Walloon alphabet with distinctive nasal vowels and diacritics. Discover this Oïl Romance language spoken in Wallonia, Belgium with unique phonetic characteristics.
Explore the Sardinian alphabet with 23 letters and accented vowels (à, è, é, ì, ò, ó, ù). Learn one of the most conservative Romance languages preserving ancient Latin features, spoken on the island of Sardinia, Italy.
Learn the Romansh alphabet with 26 letters and accented vowels (à, è, é, ì, ò, ó, ù). Discover one of Switzerland's four official languages spoken in the canton of Grisons with multiple regional variants.
Discover the Friulian alphabet with 25 letters from the Latin script featuring grave accents (à, è, ì, ò, ù) and cedilla (ç). Learn this Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy.
Explore the Ladin alphabet with 26 letters and accented vowels (à, è, é, ì, ò, ó, ù). Learn this Rhaeto-Romance language spoken in the Dolomite regions of northern Italy with official minority language status.
Learn the Aragonese alphabet with 27 letters including ñ and accented vowels (á, é, í, ó, ú). Discover this Romance language spoken in the Aragon region of northeastern Spain with medieval roots.
Explore the Asturian alphabet with 29 letters including digraphs ch and ll, featuring accented vowels (á, é, í, ó, ú, ü). Learn this Romance language spoken in northwestern Spain with Celtic influences.
Learn the Extremaduran alphabet with 29 letters including digraphs ch and ll, featuring accented vowels and distinctive ñ. Discover this Astur-Leonese language spoken in Extremadura, Spain.
Discover the Leonese alphabet with 29 letters including digraphs ch and ll, featuring accented vowels. Learn this Astur-Leonese language spoken in León, Spain with medieval literary traditions.
Discover the Corsican alphabet with 22 letters and accented vowels (à, è, ì, ò, ù). Learn this Romance language spoken on the island of Corsica, closely related to Tuscan Italian with unique phonological features.
Explore the Sicilian alphabet with 23 letters and accented vowels (à, è, ì, ò, ù). Learn this Romance language spoken in Sicily with influences from Greek, Arabic, Norman French, and Spanish, featuring rich literary traditions.
Learn the Neapolitan alphabet with 23 letters featuring geminate consonants and distinctive vowel sounds. Discover this Romance language spoken in Southern Italy with strong theatrical and literary traditions.
Discover the Venetian alphabet with 25 letters representing a Romance language spoken in northeastern Italy. Learn about this language with rich maritime heritage from the Venetian Republic.
Explore the Ligurian alphabet with 26 letters and accented vowels. Learn this Gallo-Italic Romance language spoken in Liguria, northwestern Italy with maritime traditions.
Learn the Lombard alphabet with 26 letters and accented vowels. Discover this Gallo-Italic Romance language spoken in Lombardy, northern Italy with rich literary heritage.
Discover the Romagnol alphabet with 26 letters and accented vowels. Learn this Gallo-Italic Romance language spoken in Romagna region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy with rich cultural traditions.
Explore the Welsh alphabet with 29 letters including 8 unique digraphs (ch, dd, ff, ng, ll, ph, rh, th). Discover Cymraeg, the thriving Celtic language of Wales.
Learn the Irish alphabet with 18 letters featuring distinctive fada (acute accent) marks. Master Gaeilge, the first official language of Ireland.
Discover the Scottish Gaelic alphabet with 18 letters using grave accent marks. Explore Gàidhlig, the ancient Celtic language of the Scottish Highlands.
Master the Cornish alphabet with 26 letters. Learn Kernewek, the successfully revived Celtic language of Cornwall with ancient Brittonic heritage.
Explore the Manx alphabet with 26 letters and unique English-influenced orthography. Discover Gaelg, the revived Celtic language of the Isle of Man.
Explore the Hebrew alphabet with 22 letters, written from right to left. Understand this sacred script of ancient and modern Hebrew.
Learn the Yiddish alphabet with 25 letters using Hebrew script. Discover this Germanic language written right-to-left, spoken by Jewish communities worldwide with rich literary traditions.
Learn the Maltese alphabet with 30 letters including unique characters ċ, ġ, ħ, and ż. Discover the only Semitic language written in Latin script, blending Arabic roots with European influences.
Discover the Armenian alphabet with 39 unique letters (Ա-Ֆ) created by Saint Mesrop Mashtots in 405 AD. Explore this ancient Indo-European script that has preserved Armenian culture for over 1,600 years.
Learn the Barbari (Dari) alphabet with 32 Perso-Arabic letters written right to left, including 4 letters unique to Persian (پ, چ, ژ, گ). Discover Afghan Persian, one of the official languages of Afghanistan.
Explore the Aimaq (Chahar Aimaq) alphabet — 32 Perso-Arabic letters of this Eastern Persian dialect spoken in western Afghanistan. Preserves classical /w/ pronunciation of و not found in Western Persian.
Explore the Chorasmian (Khwarezmian) alphabet with 21 letters of this ancient Eastern Iranian abjad script. Learn the extinct language of the Khwarezm region of Central Asia, written right to left from the 2nd to 14th centuries CE.
Discover the Khwarezmian (Chorasmian) alphabet — 21 letters of the extinct Eastern Iranian script from the ancient Khwarezm oasis civilisation. Home of scholars Al-Biruni and Al-Khwarizmi, whose name gave us the word "algorithm".
Explore the Bartangi Cyrillic alphabet of this endangered Eastern Iranian Pamiri language spoken by ~2,500–3,000 people in the Bartang Valley of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan. Features unique long-vowel letters Ӣ and Ӯ.
Learn the Bashkardi Perso-Arabic alphabet with 32 letters of this threatened Southwest Iranian language spoken in the mountainous Bashkard district of Hormozgan Province, Iran. Related to Larestani and Kumzari.
Explore the Badeshi Urdu Nastaliq alphabet with 38 letters of this critically endangered language spoken in Dir district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. One of the most severely endangered languages in South Asia with fewer than 100 fluent speakers.
Learn the Balochi Perso-Arabic alphabet with 32 letters of this vigorous Northwest Iranian language spoken by 8–10 million people across Balochistan in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Closely related to Kurdish.
Explore the Latin romanization of Ashkun — an endangered Nuristani language with no traditional script spoken by ~40,000 people in the Waygal Valley of Nuristan, Afghanistan. Features retroflex consonants and aspirated stops unique to Nuristani.
Discover the ancient Avestan script — 53 letters (16 vowels + 37 consonants) of the Zoroastrian sacred scriptures, written right to left. The language of the Avesta and Gathas of Zarathustra, encoded in Unicode U+10B00–U+10B3F.
Explore the Gurani (Gorani) Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this Northwestern Iranian Zaza-Gorani language spoken in the Zagros mountains of Iran and Iraq. Closely related to Zaza (Dimli) and historically a prestige literary language among Kurdish courts.
Learn the Harzani Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this endangered Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the Harzand region of East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Heavily influenced by Azerbaijani Turkish contact, with an estimated 20,000–30,000 speakers.
Learn the Gilaki Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this Northwestern Iranian language spoken by 2–4 million people along the southern Caspian coast of Gilan Province, Iran. Notable for a richer vowel inventory than standard Persian.
Learn the Tabari (Mazandarani) Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this Caspian Northwestern Iranian language spoken by approximately 3–4 million people along the southern Caspian Sea coast of Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, northern Iran. The closest relative of Gilaki, Tabari preserves a richer vowel inventory and archaic verb morphology lost in modern Persian.
Learn the Mazandarani (Tabari) Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this Caspian Northwestern Iranian language spoken by approximately 3–4 million people in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, northern Iran. Mazandarani is the everyday spoken name for the same language historically known as Tabari, the closest relative of Gilaki, preserving a richer vowel inventory and archaic verb morphology lost in modern Persian.
Learn the Gorani (Gurani) Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this Northwestern Iranian Zaza-Gorani language of the Zagros mountains. Historically a prestige literary language among Kurdish courts, with an estimated 200,000–500,000 speakers.
Learn the Larestani Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this endangered Southwest Iranian language spoken in Lar County of Fars Province, southern Iran, and by diaspora communities across the Persian Gulf states of UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman.
Learn the Luri Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this Southwest Iranian language spoken by approximately 1–2 million Lor people in Lorestan Province and the Zagros mountains of western Iran. Closely related to Persian and Bakhtiari.
Learn the Kumzari Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of the only Iranian language indigenous to the Arabian Peninsula. Severely endangered with ~5,000–10,000 speakers in Kumzar village, Musandam Peninsula, Oman. The most Arabic-influenced Iranian language.
Learn the Laki Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this Western Iranian language spoken by 700,000–1,000,000 Lak people in Lorestan, Ilam, and Kermanshah provinces, Iran. Preserves archaic Iranian features; its classification between Kurdish and Luri remains debated.
Learn the Ishkashimi Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this severely endangered Eastern Iranian language spoken by ~1,000–2,000 people in the Ishkashim district of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. Belongs to the Shughni-Yazghulami subgroup of Eastern Iranian languages.
Learn the Ishkashmi Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this severely endangered Eastern Iranian language of Badakhshan, Afghanistan (alternate spelling: Ishkashimi). One of the most endangered languages of the Hindu Kush, with ~1,000–2,000 speakers.
Learn the Hazaragi Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of the Hazara people's language spoken by 2–3 million people across Afghanistan's Hazarajat region, Kabul, and diaspora communities in Pakistan and Iran. Contains Mongolian and Turkic loanwords alongside its Persian core.
Explore the Ormuri Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of a highly endangered Northwest Iranian language spoken by approximately 2,000–3,000 people in Baraki Barak, Logar Province, Afghanistan and in Wana and Kaniguram, South Waziristan, Pakistan. Preserves archaic Iranian features including the affricates /ts/ and /dz/.
Discover the Munji Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of an endangered East Iranian language spoken by 4,000–6,000 people in the Munjan Valley of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. The closest living relative of Yidgha, Munji preserves archaic East Iranian features linking it to Bactrian and Old Avestan.
Learn the Sivandi Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this critically endangered Southwest Iranian language spoken in the village of Sīvand near the ruins of Persepolis, Fars Province, Iran. One of the most archaic surviving Southwest Iranian languages with only ~100–1,000 remaining speakers.
Learn the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet — 35 letters including 6 unique to Tajik (Ғ ғ, Ӣ ӣ, Қ қ, Ӯ ӯ, Ҳ ҳ, Ҷ ҷ) — of the official language of Tajikistan, spoken by ~8–9 million people. A variety of Persian written in Cyrillic since the Soviet era.
Learn the Takestani Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of this endangered Northwest Iranian language spoken in Takestan city and surrounding area, Qazvin Province, Iran. Related to Tati and Gilaki, with an estimated 100,000–200,000 speakers.
Learn the Talysh Latin alphabet — 32 letters including special letters Ə ə, Ğ ğ, Ç ç, Ş ş, Ü ü, and X x — of this Northwest Iranian language spoken by ~200,000–500,000 people in the Lankaran-Astara region of Azerbaijan and in Gilan Province, Iran.
Learn the Shughni Cyrillic alphabet — the largest Pamiri Eastern Iranian language (~95,000 speakers) of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan. Features long-vowel letters Ӣ ӣ and Ӯ ӯ unique to Pamiri languages, plus Tajik Cyrillic letters Ғ ғ, Қ қ, Ҳ ҳ, and Ҷ ҷ.
Learn the Farsi (Persian) Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of the official language of Iran, spoken by ~80 million people. Includes 4 letters unique to Persian: پ چ ژ گ. One of the world's great literary languages with over 1,000 years of poetry and prose.
Learn the Sarikoli Perso-Arabic alphabet — the Eastern Iranian Pamiri language of Tashkurgan, Xinjiang, China (~20,000–25,000 speakers). The only Pamiri language spoken in China, and the closest relative of Shughni within the Eastern Iranian language family.
Learn the Semnani Perso-Arabic alphabet — a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in Semnan Province, northern Iran (~20,000–80,000 speakers). A distinct language from Persian (Farsi), belonging to the Central Iranian subgroup with its own phonology and grammar.
Learn the Pashto extended Perso-Arabic alphabet — 44 letters of the Eastern Iranian co-official language of Afghanistan (~40–60 million speakers). Includes 10 letters unique to Pashto representing retroflex consonants: ټ ډ ړ ږ ښ ڼ and more.
Learn the Pushto (alternate spelling of Pashto) extended Perso-Arabic alphabet — 44 letters of the Eastern Iranian language of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The same script as Pashto with all 10 unique retroflex consonant letters.
Learn the Persian Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of the official language of Iran (also known as Farsi), spoken by ~80 million people. Includes 4 letters unique to Persian: پ چ ژ گ. One of the world's great literary languages with Rumi, Hafez, and Ferdowsi.
Explore the Parachi Perso-Arabic alphabet — 32 letters of a severely endangered Eastern Iranian language spoken by ~2,000–5,000 people in the Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan. Belongs to the rare Parachi–Ormuri subgroup; closest living relative of Ormuri.
Master Hangul, the Korean alphabet with 24 basic letters. Learn the systematic writing system of the Korean language.
Learn Hiragana, one of the three Japanese writing systems. Master 46 basic characters plus diacritics for Japanese phonetic writing.
Discover the Katakana script used for foreign words and sounds in Japanese. Learn 46 angular characters and their pronunciation.
Explore Kanji characters, the logographic script of Japanese writing. Learn common characters, meanings, and readings.